从大院到小区到超级街区 通过社会和空间结构阅读中国城市的大规模开发 | From Big to Small to Mega-zone Reading Large-scale Development of Chinese Cities through Social and Spatial Structures

从大院到小区到超级街区
通过社会和空间结构阅读中国城市的大规模开发
.
From Big to Small to Mega-zone
Reading Large-scale Development of Chinese Cities through Social and
Spatial Structures
.
布雷泽 范凌 林达
Cressica BRAZIER, FAN Ling, Tat LAM
.
摘要
居住“小区”开发项目是中国在改革开放30年来在城市肌理上最明显的特征。文章受2009 年3月由哥伦比亚大学建筑学院和中央美术学院建筑学院共同举办的“超级街区”城市学座谈会启发，试图以“小区”作为城市空间结构和社会结构的交接点，对中国城市大规模开发项目的意义进行承上（改革开放前）启下（经济危机后）的阅读；同时，以北京的“建外SOHO”和“MOMA 万国城”项目为例，探讨“小区”的概念以及这个概念对于演变中的社会制度和意识形态的局限性；最后，试探性地提出另一种动态性的城市阅读模型——“超级街区”。若公有制时代的单位“大院”，改革开放以后的居住“小区”和后经济危机时代的“超级街区”针对的是同一个客体在社会制度和意识形态交织下的不同表述，那么这篇文章将讨论“大”、“小”和“超级”作用于同一客体的相对性，其所对应的参照系以及这个蒙太奇式的视角切换所具备的批判性能让我们更有效地去认识社会和空间结构变化所带来的中国特有的城市演进。
.
关键词
超级街区；大型街区；小区；社区；社会分化；危机
.
ABSTRACT
Residential communities (xiaoqu) have become the most conspicuous developments within China’s urban fabric in the 30 years since the Reform and Opening. This phenomenon inspired the debate at the “Megablock Urbanisms” symposium, recently organized by Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation and the Central Academy of Fine Arts’ School of Architecture.
Following this debate, we will describe the xiaoqu as the intersection of urban spatial structure and social structure, and will conduct a connective reading of China's large-scale urban development projects, from pre-Opening and Reform to post-financial crisis. At the same time, by challenging the limitations of the xiaoqu concept and its evolution within different social systems and ideologies (such as Beijing Jianwai SOHO and the Wanguocheng MOMA projects), we will make an exploratory proposal for a more dynamic mode of reading the city: the concept of the ‘megablock’. In other words, if the ‘big compound’ of the era of public ownership, the ‘(small) residential community’ (xiaoqu) after Reform and Opening, and the post-financial crisis ‘megablock’ all address different formulations of the same issue through the intertwining of social and ideological systems, then this article will discuss how ‘big’, ‘small’ and ‘mega’ are relatively utilized towards the same subject. The corresponding relativity and this montage-style shift of perspective produces the critical productivity to lead to a better understanding of the evolution of Chinese cities brought on by changes in societal and spatial structure.
.
KEY WORDS
Megablock; Superblock; "Xiaoqu"; Community; Social Fragmentation; Crisis
.
中图分类号：C912.81(2); TU984.12(2)
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1005-684X(2009)03-0028-10